Application of muscle model to the musculoskeletal modeling.

The purpose of this paper is to investigate new fusiform muscle models. Each of these models treats a muscle as a system composed of parts characterized by different mechanical properties. These models explain the influence of differences in the stiffness of lateral parts and the degree of muscle model discretization. Each muscle model is described by a system of differential equations and a single integro-differential equation. Responses of fifty-four muscle model forms are examined using a complex exertion composed of three types: eccentric-concentric exertion, isokinetic-isometric exertion and step exertion.